厌氧序批式反应器预处理垃圾渗滤液的碳平衡研究

为初步了解垃圾渗滤液中有机物降解过程的物质和能量转化,对渗滤液实际处理工程提供借鉴,在最优工艺参数条件下,分别用处于中温(35±1)℃和常温状态的厌氧序批式反应器(ASBR)对垃圾渗滤液进行预处理。通过对反应器内的液相、气相和固相碳素进行全面的分析测定,结果表明:中温(常温)条件下,整个反应周期内约有86.4%(77.6%)的碳进入气相,约有1.7%(1.4%)的碳进入固相,其余约11.7%(22.3%)的碳仍存于液相中;其中,进入气相部分的碳有77.6%(71.3%)以甲烷形式存在,8.8%(4.7%)以二氧化碳形式存在,这说明ASBR预处理垃圾渗滤液过程中产生的甲烷资源化利用潜力较大。另外,反应器在中温状态下较常温状态处理效果更佳。     

某危险废物填埋场地下水污染预测及控制模拟

以某危险废物填埋场为研究对象,在收集其水文地质资料基础上,运用Visual Modflow建立填埋场地下水水流和溶质运移耦合模型,对填埋场防渗层发生渗漏后,渗滤液中Cr6+在地下水中的运移过程以及地面硬化、防渗墙和排水沟3种污染控制措施对污染羽阻隔效果进行模拟预测.结果表明,Cr6+随地下水流方向运移形成污染羽,10 a后污染羽到达水塘边界,运移距离约为1 450 m,但随后10～20 a之间污染羽扩散范围没有明显扩大;地表硬化后,20 a内污染羽未扩散至水塘边界;防渗墙设置到上层含水层底部时,监测井Cr6+浓度高于未设置防渗墙时浓度,设置到下层含水层底部时,Cr6+浓度与设置于上层含水层时监测结果相反;排水沟日排水量达到2 642 m3时能有效控制污染羽扩散,20 a后污染羽尚未污染监测井;地表硬化与排水沟组合控制污染物扩散,效果最佳,同时排水沟日排水量可减少为1 878 m3.因此,当填埋场发生渗漏时,建议采用设置排水沟与周边地表硬化组合的地下水污染控制措施.     

Diversity of methanotrophs in a simulated modified biocover reactor

A simulated landfill biocover microcosm consisting of a modifying ceramsite material and compost were investigated. Results show that the mixture can improve the material porosity and achieve a stable and highly efficient (100%) methane oxidation over an extended operating period. The diversity of the methanotrophic community in the microcosm was assessed. Type I methanotrophs were enhanced in the microcosm due to the increased air diffusion and distribution, whereas the microbial diversity and population density of type II methanotrophs were not significantly affected. Moreover, the type I methanotrophic community structure significantly varied with the reactor height, whereas that of type II methanotrophic communities did not exhibit a spatial variation. Phylogenetic analysis showed that type I methanotroph-based nested polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) resulted in the detection of eight different populations, most of which are related to Methylobacter sp., whereas that of type II resulted in the detection of nine different populations, most of which are related to Methylocystaceae. Methanotrophic community analysis also indicated that a number of new methanotrophic genera not closely related to any known methanotrophic populations were present.     

Ammonium-dependent regulation of aerobic methane-consuming bacteria in landfill cover soil by leachate irrigation

The impacts of landfill leachate irrigation on methane oxidation activities and methane-consuming bacteria populations were studied by incubation of landfill cover soils with leachate and (NH₄)₂SO₄ solution at different ammonium concentrations. The community structures and abundances of methane-oxidizing bacteria (MOB) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) were examined by PCRDGGE and real-time PCR. Compared with the pure (NH₄)₂SO₄ solution, leachate addition was found to have a positive effect on methane oxidation activity. In terms of the irrigation amount, ammonium in leachate was responsible for the actual inhibition of leachate. The extent of inhibitory effect mainly depended on its ammonium concentration. The suppression of the predominant methaneconsuming bacteria, type I MOB, was responsible for the decreased methane oxidation activity by ammonium inhibition. Methaneconsuming bacteria responded diversely in abundance to ammonium. The abundance of type I MOB decreased by fivefold; type II MOB showed stimulation response of fivefold magnification upon the first addition but lessened to be lower than the original level after the second addition; the amount of AOB was stimulated to increase for 20-30 times gradually. Accumulated nitrate from nitrification strengthened the ammonium inhibition on type I and type II MOB, as a result, repetitive irrigation was unfavorable for methane oxidation.     

腐蚀电池-Fenton处理渗滤液溶解性有机物光谱特征

为了研究垃圾渗滤液中溶解性有机物（DOM）在腐蚀电池-Fenton（CCF）深度处理过程中的去除特性,采用XAD-8和XAD-4树脂将DOM分成5种组分（亲水性有机物HPI、疏水性有机酸HPO-A、过渡亲水性有机酸TPI-A、疏水性中性有机物HPO-N、过渡亲水性中性有机物TPI-N）,并用紫外和荧光光谱对各组分的降解...     

硫酸铝渣和硫铁矿烧渣制聚硅酸硫酸铁的研究

研究硫酸铝渣和硫铁矿烧渣制聚硅酸硫酸铁的工艺流程及其主要参数.提取硫酸铝渣中的SiO2得到Na2SiO3溶液,提取硫铁矿烧渣中铁得到FeSO4结晶.用FeSO4结晶制备聚合硫酸铁.用含3.5% SiO2的Na2SiO3溶液,控制pH=4.0,制得聚硅酸,将聚合硫酸铁加入聚硅酸制得聚硅酸硫酸铁絮凝剂.红外光谱分析表明,聚硅酸硫酸铁结合了SO2-4.检测了聚硅酸硫酸铁对模拟浊水和垃圾填埋场渗滤液的絮凝效果,用铁和硅物质的量比为0.5、用量0.5 mL/L的聚硅酸硫酸铁,处理模拟浊水,除浊率可达90%以上.用铁和硅物质的量比为1.5、用量4.0 mL/L的聚硅酸硫酸铁处理垃圾填埋场渗滤液生化处理尾水,CODCr去除率可达60%.     

稀土/Y分子筛多相催化电解氧化深度去除渗滤液中难降解有机物

采用浸渍和焙烧法制备了以Y分子筛为载体的几种稀土催化剂,并用玻璃纤维包埋催化剂形成反应床体,构建稀土多相催化电解氧化体系,探索这一体系对垃圾渗滤液中难降解有机物的去除效果.同时,以COD值为控制指标,考察了焙烧温度、浸渍液金属离子浓度、稀土元素种类对电催化活性的影响.最后,用SEM和XRD等手段对催化剂的微观结构、表面形貌进行了表征,并与稀土/γ-Al2O3催化剂的电催化活性和结构进行了比较.结果表明,Y分子筛中引入稀土元素后没有破坏Y分子筛的晶体结构,稀土/Y分子筛催化剂的表面并没有检测到稀土氧化物的物相,稀土/γ-Al2O3催化剂的表面形成了明显的稀土氧化物衍射峰;稀土/Y分子筛催化剂的最佳制备条件为焙烧温度400℃,浸渍液中金属离子质量分数1%～3%,负载金属为铈;所制备的稀土/Y分子筛催化剂具有良好的电催化活性和稳定性,其活性高于稀土/γ-Al2O3催化剂.     

DO对高氨氮渗滤液短程生物脱氮反硝化过程动力学的影响

为考察实际高氨氮垃圾渗滤液短程生物脱氮过程DO对以NO2--N为电子受体反硝化动力学的影响,本研究采用缺氧/厌氧UASB-SBR生化系统处理实际高氨氮垃圾渗滤液,在SBR系统实现稳短程生物脱氮(120d运行)的基础上,取SBR反应器内的污泥进行pH8.0条件下不同DO浓度梯度反硝化批次试验,从而确定DO对以NO2--N为电子受体的溶解氧抑制系数(K′O)的影响.试验结果表明,DO对反硝菌的NO2--N还原活性具有明显影响,与缺氧状态相比,DO为0.4和0.6mg·L-1时,其还原活性分别降低了49.0%和16.3%左右.DO与NO2--N还原速率两者呈指数负相关.DO对NO2--N为电子受体K′O具有显著影响,存在明显的分段现象,每一DO范围内,K′O恒定.     

不同填埋时间、不同季节的垃圾渗滤液生物毒性

以武汉市7个城市生活垃圾填埋场渗滤液作为研究对象,探讨不同填埋时间、不同季节渗滤液的生物毒性变化以及理化指标与生物毒性效应的相关性.毒性实验采用嗜热四膜虫(Tetrahymena thermophila)作为试验生物,进行了渗滤液对受试生物的24 h半数致死浓度LC50和生长抑制测定.结果表明,不同填埋时间的渗滤液LC50在0.84%~12.15%之间;随着填埋时间延长,渗滤液LC50有增大的趋势,急性毒性逐渐减小,但渗滤液对嗜热四膜虫种群的生长抑制没有减少的趋势.不同季节渗滤液的LC50没有明显的规律性,夏季的渗滤液LC50较小,急性毒性较强;不同季节的渗滤液对嗜热四膜虫的生长抑制情况不同,春季渗滤液的生长抑制作用最小.渗滤液理化指标与LC50无显著相关性,而渗滤液对嗜热四膜虫种群的生长抑制作用随着COD、BOD5、NH4+-N和邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯(DEHP)的增加而增强.     

An autotrophic nitrogen removal process：Short-cut nitrification combined with ANAMMOX for treating diluted effluent from an UASB reactor fed by landfill leachate

A combined process consisting of a short-cut nitrification (SN) reactor and an anaerobic ammonium oxidation upflow anaerobic sludge bed (ANAMMOX) reactor was developed to treat the diluted effluent from an upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactor treating high ammonium municipal landfill leachate.The SN process was performed in an aerated upflow sludge bed (AUSB) reactor (working volume 3.05 L),treating about 50% of the diluted raw wastewater.The ammonium removal efficiency and the ratio of NO 2 N to NOx-N in the effluent were both higher than 80%,at a maximum nitrogen loading rate of 1.47 kg/(m 3 ·day).The ANAMMOX process was performed in an UASB reactor (working volume 8.5 L),using the mix of SN reactor effluent and diluted raw wastewater at a ratio of 1:1.The ammonium and nitrite removal efficiency reached over 93% and 95%,respectively,after 70-day continuous operation,at a maximum total nitrogen loading rate of 0.91 kg/(m 3 ·day),suggesting a successful operation of the combined process.The average nitrogen loading rate of the combined system was 0.56 kg/(m 3 ·day),with an average total inorganic nitrogen removal efficiency 87%.The nitrogen in the effluent was mostly nitrate.The results provided important evidence for the possibility of applying SN-ANAMMOX after UASB reactor to treat municipal landfill leachate.